What is Bottom-of-Chain or Low-Tier?

Factoring in the construction industry refers to a financial service where a business sells its unpaid invoices, usually at a discount, to a third-party factoring company (the factor). This process provides the company with immediate cash flow to cover business expenses, like paying for supplies or labor wages. It's like a financial tool to keep up with the industry's fast pace where immediate payment is commonly required. The third-party factor then takes the responsibility to collect full payment from the customer. This method is particularly useful in the construction industry, where projects can be lengthy and cash flow stability is crucial.

A mortgage, within the framework of the construction industry, is essentially a loan secured by a real property through the use of a mortgage note to evidence the existence of the loan and the encumbrance of that realty. This serves a crucial financial function during the building process as it allows homeowners or builders to purchase land or property without needing the full amount upfront. In most cases, a banking institution or lender offers the borrower a certain sum to buy a property, the borrower then repays this sum, typically monthly, with added interest, over a defined period. The mortgage ties the obligation of repayment to the property itself. Hence, when a mortgage loan is used for construction of a new property, the funds are dispersed to the borrower as work on the construction project proceeds. In the event that the borrower defaults on their mortgage payments, the lender has the right to take possession of the property, in a process known as foreclosure.

Accrued expenses in the construction industry refer to the costs that have been incurred but not yet paid for by the end of an accounting period. These could include expenses related to labor, materials, utilities, equipment rentals, and other operational costs integral to a construction project. For example, a construction company may have used subcontractors for a part of the ongoing project, but the bill has not been paid by the end of the accounting period. This cost forms 'accrued expenses'. Even though these expenses are unpaid, they are recorded in the company’s income statement for that period, which allows for accurate reflection of costs associated with revenues earned. Accrual accounting methods offer a more precise measurement of a construction company’s financial health, providing a comprehensive picture of its earnings and expenditures.