What is Markup?

In construction accounting, work in progress (WIP) refers to the value of construction projects that have started but are not yet completed at a specific point in time. It represents the costs incurred and revenue earned on ongoing projects. Key aspects of WIP include everything from cost tracking, revenue recognition, billing cycles, and financial reporting to schedule monitoring, change order management, retainage tracking, and tax planning. 

As mentioned in our WIP Accounting Principles blog post, understanding WIP is a critical component of running a profitable business. This is because it offers several key benefits:

1. Financial Health Tracking: WIP reports help to identify potential issues before they spiral to keep projects on track. For example, it can help spot gross margin slippage early on and alert project managers that they need to course correct. 
2. Cost Management: Comparing work completed to the budget spent will alert subcontractors if project expenses are running too high. For instance, if only 25% of the work is complete, but 40% of the project labor budget has been used, it indicates the need to reel in costs.
3. Compliance: WIP reports help ensure that invoices align with work completed, reducing the risk of pay app rejections
4. Profitability: WIP reports systematically account for project-related costs and revenue. This gives subcontractors a clear picture of which projects are most profitable and spot trends to help determine the best project types for the business.

Effective WIP management is crucial for subcontractors' financial health. Modern billing and cash flow forecasting software, like Siteline, enhances WIP accounting by centralizing data to increase financial visibility, improve informed decision-making, and optimize cash flow. To see how Siteline can help improve your business’s WIP management, book a demo today.

Cost in excess of billings (CEB), or underbilling, refers to a cost incurred by a subcontractor for work performed that has yet to be billed to the general contractor at any point in time. This is a somewhat common scenario that can arise when the cost of work expenses (labor, materials, subcontractors, etc.) hit before billings go out.

There are a few factors that can create this timing gap and lead to underbilling. These include:

• Progressive billing schedules: Many construction projects have billing schedules that are based on predefined milestones or stages of completion. However, costs are being incurred continuously as work progresses. This causes costs to build up ahead of invoices between billing cycles.
• Upfront and early-stage mobilization: Significant upfront costs go into things like materials, equipment, permitting, and mobilizing job sites before physical work even begins—especially for subcontractors. These costs typically accumulate before clients are billed.
• Pending change orders: Costs related to change orders often hit weeks or months before details are finalized and approved for billing. Diligently tracking pending change orders is crucial to ensure you ultimately collect on all revenue owed from approved changes.
• Project delays: In construction, delays are inevitable. If and when delays push out project milestones, billable events can slide further out from when the costs were incurred. These timeline gaps widen the difference between accrued expenses and billings-to-date.

CEB is reflected on financial statements as assets because it represents an unbilled receivable for revenues that will later come. Therefore, regularly monitoring CEB is critical to maintaining healthy business operations as it helps subcontractor accounting teams:

• Understand true project economics: CEB helps reveal the full profitability picture by linking incurred costs with unbilled receivables, which in turn supports more accurate revenue forecasting and job costing projections.
• Gain greater cash flow visibility: Because CEB tracking shows how much money is flowing out that’s tied up in work completed but not yet paid for, it helps them better plan and manage their cash for future expenses.
• Monitor project health: Unexpected CEB spikes could signal problems like cost overruns. Regularly comparing CEB status with the original budget is key to assessing a project’s overall health.
• Collect revenue in full: No one wants to work for free. Tracking CEB ensures that all pending receivables are ultimately invoiced and collected.
• Stay compliant: CEB reporting is required for percentage-of-completion revenue recognition, which is an important accounting standard for billing teams to adhere to.

Effective CEB oversight is much simpler with the right tools in place. With Siteline, you can easily track costs in excess of billings on each project to ensure no completed work goes unbilled. Siteline monitors all pending change orders through a project's lifespan, too, helping teams get approval quicker and convert unbilled work into invoiced revenue. If you're interested, schedule a personalized demo of Siteline here.

An architect is a professional who works within the construction industry and is responsible for designing and planning buildings and oversee their construction. They utilize their specialized skills in art, science, technology, and humanities to design safe and functional buildings, from residential homes to large commercial properties. Besides the aesthetic aspect, their work also involves understanding structural integrity, safety regulations, and building codes. The role extends beyond design, it includes meetings with clients, contractors, engineers, and other professionals. Their intricate hand in shaping environments makes them a vital cog in the construction industry.